Judges 12

1 The men of Ephraim were gathered together, and passed northward; and they said to Jephthah, “Why did you pass over to fight against the children of Ammon, and didn’t call us to go with you? We will burn your house around you with fire!”

2 Jephthah said to them, “I and my people were at great strife with the children of Ammon; and when I called you, you didn’t save me out of their hand.

3 When I saw that you didn’t save me, I put my life in my hand, and passed over against the children of Ammon, and the LORD delivered them into my hand. Why then have you come up to me today, to fight against me?”

4 Then Jephthah gathered together all the men of Gilead, and fought with Ephraim. The men of Gilead struck Ephraim, because they said, “You are fugitives of Ephraim, you Gileadites, in the middle of Ephraim, and in the middle of Manasseh.”

5 The Gileadites took the fords of the Jordan against the Ephraimites. Whenever a fugitive of Ephraim said, “Let me go over,” the men of Gilead said to him, “Are you an Ephraimite?” If he said, “No;”

6 then they said to him, “Now say ‘Shibboleth;’” and he said “Sibboleth”; for he couldn’t manage to pronounce it correctly, then they seized him and killed him at the fords of the Jordan. At that time, forty-two thousand of Ephraim fell.

7 Jephthah judged Israel six years. Then Jephthah the Gileadite died, and was buried in the cities of Gilead.

8 After him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged Israel.

9 He had thirty sons. He sent his thirty daughters outside his clan, and he brought in thirty daughters from outside his clan for his sons. He judged Israel seven years.

10 Ibzan died, and was buried at Bethlehem.

11 After him, Elon the Zebulunite judged Israel; and he judged Israel ten years.

12 Elon the Zebulunite died, and was buried in Aijalon in the land of Zebulun.

13 After him, Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite judged Israel.

14 He had forty sons and thirty sons’ sons who rode on seventy donkey colts. He judged Israel eight years.

15 Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite died, and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the hill country of the Amalekites.

Around Judges 12

Context

Context for this book is being written. A note appears here only once it names its sources.

AI explanation

Judges 12 · Written by an AI model · Not reviewed by a theological reader

This explanation was written by an AI model to help you get started. It names no sources and can contain mistakes. Scripture comes first, and context with sources is shown separately on this page.

What this chapter says

The victory against Ammon is hardly over when Israel turns on itself. The men of Ephraim confront Jephthah, angry that they were not called, and threaten to burn his house down around him. Jephthah answers that he did call them and they did not come.

Then the Gileadites fight Ephraim and take the fords of the Jordan. Anyone who comes to the river and says “Let me go over” is asked if he is an Ephraimite. If he says no, they tell him to say Shibboleth. An Ephraimite says Sibboleth, because he cannot manage the sound, and he is killed there. The text counts forty-two thousand of Ephraim fallen.

Jephthah judges six years and dies. Three more judges are given a few lines each: Ibzan of Bethlehem with thirty sons and thirty daughters, Elon of Zebulun for ten years, and Abdon with forty sons and thirty grandsons on seventy donkey colts.

Background

The quarrel between Ephraim and the tribes east of the Jordan echoes a similar conflict with Gideon in Judges 8, but here it turns to bloodshed. The story of the password gave the English language the word shibboleth, meaning a test of identity. It also shows a people who are fighting among themselves just when they should be united. The short notices about the minor judges show how little is told about most of them. Samson, the next judge, is introduced in chapter 13.

About this explanation

Written by Claude Sonnet 5.5, an AI model, on 27 October 2026. It draws on the WEB text and general knowledge and was not checked against sources by a person. Every quotation from Scripture is checked automatically against the WEB text.

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World English Bible. Public-domain source and edition notes